Current Issues in Ecology

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# Current Issues in Ecology

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## Scales in marine plankton ecology

.font120[**Daniel Vaulot**]

.font120[Course coordinator: **David Wardle**]

2021-03-18

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# Outline

.font150[
* The marine Environment
* Marine Phytoplankton
* Spatial Scales
* Temporal Scales
* Time Series
]

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# The Marine Environment

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## Temperature

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## Marine Environment is highly dynamic
.student[What factors drive oceanic circulation?]

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## Currents

* Wind (Atmospheric Circulation)
* **Earth rotation** (Coriolis effect)
* Water density (Temperature, Salinity)
* Continents
* Turbulence

.footnote[https://www.arcgis.com/apps/MapJournal/index.html?appid=d629dd5cc3fe48ea9fc744dada861da0]

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## Currents

* Wind (Atmospheric Circulation)
* Earth rotation (Coriolis effect)
* Water density (Temperature, Salinity)
* **Continents**
* Turbulence

.footnote[https://www.arcgis.com/apps/MapJournal/index.html?appid=d629dd5cc3fe48ea9fc744dada861da0]

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## Currents

* Wind (Atmospheric Circulation)
* Earth rotation (Coriolis effect)
* Water density (Temperature, Salinity)
* Continents
* **Turbulence**
.footnote[https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3827]

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## Currents

<br>

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# Marine Plankton

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## Classical view of marine foodwebs

.student[Waht is the definition of plankton ?]

.student[What are the different types of plankton ?]

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## Plankton diversity
* Phytoplankton
* Zooplankton
--

* Bacteria
* Viruses

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## Size classes

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## Complex processes

* Predation
* Symbiosis
* Mixotrophy
* Parasitism

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## Phytoplankton

.student[Can you name phytoplankton groups ?]

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## Major groups

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## Diatoms and dinoflagellates: 20-200 µm

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## Picoplankton: 0.2-2 µm
* Very small eukaryotes (_Ostreococcus_)
* Cyanobacteria  (_Synechococcus_)

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## Wide phylogenetic diversity

.footnote[Not, F., Siano, R., Kooistra, W.H.C.F., Simon, N., Vaulot, D. & Probert, I. 2012. In Piganeau, G. [Ed.] Genomic Insights Gained into the Diversity, Biology and Evolution of Microbial Photosynthetic Eukaryotes. Elsevier.]

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# Spatial scales

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## Chlorophyll

Proxy of phytoplankton biomass
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## Chlorophyll

Can be measured from space

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## Chlorophyll

What can you see ?

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## Blooms

#### English Channel
Coccolithophorids

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## Blooms

#### New Zealand

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## Blooms

#### Baltic
Cyanobacteria
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.student[What factors control phytoplankton ?]

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## What controls phytoplankton ?

#### Positive

* Light
* Nutrients (Nitrogen, Phosphorus)
* Trace elements (Iron)

#### Negative

* Predation
* Parasites (e.g. viruses)
* Death

#### Species selection

* Temperature
* Salinity

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.student[Is phytoplankton uniformly distributed in the water column?]

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## Water column

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## Euphotic layer

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## Chlorophyll maximum

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## Sampling the ocean
* Bucket sampling
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## Sampling the ocean
* Bottles on a Rosette 
* CTD - Conducitivity, Temperature, Depth

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## Sampling the ocean

* Filtration

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## Sampling the ocean

* Nets

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## Sampling the ocean

* Eulerian

* Lagrangian

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## Sampling the ocean
* Transects (Eulerian)

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## Sampling the ocean
* Grids (Eulerian)

.footnote[https://calcofi.org/index.php]

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## Sampling the ocean
* Drifting buoy (Lagrangian)

.footnote[Lizotte et al.(2008) Fate of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) during the decline of the northwest Atlantic Ocean spring diatom bloom. Aquat Microb Ecol 52:159-173]

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# Temporal scales

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.student[What are the most important scales in the ocean?]

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## Temporal variations

<br>

.footnote[Bloom populations in the North Atlantic and North Pacific oceans from March 2003 to October 2006: https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/10971]

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## Annual scale - Spring bloom
* Diatoms
* Dinoflagellates

.footnote[Lindemann C and St. John MA (2014) A seasonal diary of phytoplankton in the North Atlantic. Front. Mar. Sci. 1:37]

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## Annual scale - Spring bloom

* Depends on latitude
    * Temperate
    * Tropical
    * Arctic

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## Multi-year scale - El Niño

Warm water accumulates over East Pacific

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## Multi-year scale - El Niño

* Blocks upwelling
* Phytoplankton decrease
* Lower fish capture (anchovy)

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## Multi-year scale - El Niño

* Year to year change in intensity

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## Climatic change

* ALOHA station

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## Climatic change

* ALOHA station

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## Monthly scale

* Neap tide
* Spring tide

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## Daily scale
Unique to marine systems

.footnote[Vaulot D., Marie D. 1999. Diel variability of photosynthetic picoplankton in the equatorial Pacific. Journal of Geophysical Research 104:3297.]

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## Spatial and temporal scales

.footnote[Benway HM. et al. 2019. Ocean Time Series Observations of Changing Marine Ecosystems: An Era of Integration, Synthesis, and Societal Applications. Frontiers in Marine Science 6:1–22.]

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# Time series

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## Long term stations

.footnote[Bunse C., Pinhassi J. 2017. Marine Bacterioplankton Seasonal Succession Dynamics. Trends in Microbiology 25:494–505.]

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.student[What kind of questions can be adressed by such long term series?]

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.font150[
- What are the key periodicities ?
    * annual (what about equator ?)
    * tides (monthly)
    * daily
- Long term climatic trends
- What drives the year to year variability
- Recurring species ?
]

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## Chlorophyll time series
* North Atlantic Chl-a time series (57–628 N, 20–108 W) from 1967 to 1979
* Wavelet anlysis

.footnote[Winder M., Cloern JE. 2010. The annual cycles of phytoplankton biomass. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365:3215–3226.]

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## Chlorophyll time series
.student[What can you see ?]

.footnote[Winder M., Cloern JE. 2010. The annual cycles of phytoplankton biomass. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365:3215–3226.]

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## Chlorophyll time series
* Different environments have different frequencies

.footnote[Winder M., Cloern JE. 2010. The annual cycles of phytoplankton biomass. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365:3215–3226.]

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# What drives the _Synechoccus_ bloom ?

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## Flow Cytobot
* Imaging and flow cytometry

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## Flow Cytobot
* Diatoms

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## _Synechococcus_
* Discovered in 1979 by John Waterbury - _Epifluorescence microscopy_

.pull-left[

<img src="../../../Images/phytopk/Synechococcus_BIOSOPE_Microscopy_3665.jpg" width="80%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]

.pull-right[
<img src="../../../Images/phytopk/1979-Waterbury-fig1.png" width="80%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]
.footnote[_Waterbury, J.B., Watson, S.W., Guillard, R.R.L. & Brand, L.E. 1979. Nature. 277:293–4._]

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## Cell multiplication
* Binary fission
* Typically once every day

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## Cell disappearance
* Virus
* Predation
* Cell death (UV, nutrient deprivation)

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## Growth rate vs Loss rate
<br>
<br>

.pull-left[

`\(\dfrac{\mathrm{d}N}{\mathrm{d}t}=\mu_{net}*N\)`

`\(N = N_{0}\exp^{\mu_{net}*t}\)`

`\(\mu_{net} = \mu_{growth} - \mu_{loss}\)`

* Growth rate = division

* Loss rate = cell death, predation, viruses

]

.pull-right[

![](Marine-systems-scales_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-4-1.png)
]

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## Growth rate vs Loss rate
<br>
<br>

.pull-left[

`\(\dfrac{\mathrm{d}N}{\mathrm{d}t}=\mu_{net}*N\)`

`\(N = N_{0}\exp^{\mu_{net}*t}\)`

`\(\mu_{net} = \mu_{growth} - \mu_{loss}\)`

* Growth rate = division

* Loss rate = cell death, predation, viruses

]

.pull-right[

![](Marine-systems-scales_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-5-1.png)
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## _Synechococcus_ abundance